For years Andrew Left had celebrity status as an activist short seller, appearing on the biggest business news networks and attracting hundreds of thousands of followers with his pugnacious social media posts.
But his legacy will be shaped by a landmark fraud conviction that has reverberated through hedge funds and Wall Street at large.
The founder of Citron Research may spend years in prison after his conviction this week in a 15-day Los Angeles trial, though his sentence is not due to be decided until August. Prosecutors said his public profile was key to his crimes: he used his commentary to manipulate share prices and made quick profits when it did.
The case has put a spotlight on a grey area of financial markets, raising questions about what an investor is obliged to disclose about their trading and how long they must hold a position after publicly stating their opinion about a stock — whether they are long or short.
“He’s always been known as the most aggressive,” said one hedge fund manager, who asked not to be named. But he said “murky” regulation often made it hard to discern what is required when it comes to publicly touting positions. “What are the . . . rules?”
Left built credibility over a decade ago when he published a scathing report on the drug company Valeant Pharmaceuticals, with allegations of accounting irregularities that were proven correct. His argument is that short selling protects investors by digging out problems that might otherwise remain hidden.
Since then, his stardom in finance-focused corners of the internet meant his commentary could move stock prices — even though he ran a firm that had no outside investors.
Prosecutors outlined a pattern in which Left would take a position in a stock, post about it on Twitter — now called X — then quickly exit at a profit when the price moved in his favour. In some cases he posted a “target price”, but cut his exposure far from that number.
“What the SEC and the justice department have a really big problem with is implying you’re doing one thing while you’re doing another,” Jim Chanos, the legendary short seller who famously predicted the downfall of Enron, told the FT. “That’s where you begin to cross lines that get you into legal trouble.”
He said short sellers tended to come under closer scrutiny than other investors. “You’re profiting from other people losing money, so you’re held to a higher standard. But the legal concept should exist for both sides.”
The verdict has sent a shiver through the industry at an already difficult time. Many funds have closed because of the stock market’s relentless rise, and they have faced an onslaught of regulatory scrutiny since late 2021.
“When the [Left] indictment came out it put a huge chill on the industry,” said Anne Stevenson-Yang, research director at activist investment group J Capital Research. “You can like or dislike Andrew, but it’s ridiculous to ask that people disclose their positions after they’ve decided to cover [their short] or buy some more stock.”
Prosecutors said that to maintain credibility, Left concealed Citron’s financial relationships with hedge funds, including lying to law enforcement “that Citron ‘never’ exchanged compensation with a hedge fund or co-ordinated trading with a hedge fund”.
Left told the FT shortly after the verdict that it was a “sad day for free speech”.
A statement from his legal team said: “The jury got it wrong, and Andrew Left is an innocent man. Nobody lost a dollar because of his commentary. And the prosecution’s lead case agent admitted she could not point to one false statement in anything Andrew said about these stocks. We look forward to the appeal, and expect to prevail.”
John Coffee, a professor at Columbia University who has written about the industry and corporate governance, said the biggest impact from the verdict was that short sellers would probably avoid striking clandestine deals to share their research with other hedge funds.
“[Left’s] relationships with hedge funds made him look like he was an undisclosed agent of them,” said Coffee.
While Left is known as an activist short seller, several of the 13 counts on which he was found guilty relate to long positions he had taken, including in Tesla, Facebook, Nvidia and less well-known stocks including biotech company Invitae.
In the Invitae case, authorities said Left sent an “investor letter” to journalists, saying the stock was the long position that “we’re most excited about” even though Left was managing his own money.
Prosecutors said that in a private message to an unnamed person, Left said: “I can get stock to 30” and asked, “what can I put in a tweet to juice it[?]” In the days after the investor letter, he reduced his exposure.
The trades also included some of Left’s short positions, including one in cannabis company Cronos Group. Left said that trading around his commentary on the stock, which retail investors had backed, was like taking “candy from a baby”, according to evidence.
In his defence, Left said his posts reflected his genuine opinions and he did not believe he was required to hold his positions for a fixed period after discussing them in public. Having to disclose his positions would have a chilling effect on market commentary, he has argued.
“So now a truthful opinion that ends up making money is illegal. Is this America?” the Citron account posted on X after his conviction. “This is not over.”
In response Bill Essayli, a senior prosecutor in the office that took on Left said: “You made more than $20mn by cheating investors. You’re not a victim.”
Left’s trial has struck fear into the dwindling number of short activists still in the market, said the chief investment officer at a small hedge fund, who asked to remain anonymous.
“So many short reports are anonymous these days, no one wants to put their name on anything,” they said. “There’s zero accountability.”
